2025-01-08 15:15:43 [您的教師考試網]
第一部分語法知識
1. both/all/either/any/neither/none的用法比較
都 | 任何(一個) | 都不 | |
兩者 | both | either | neither |
三者或三者以上 | all | any | none |
①—When shall we meet again?
—Make it anyday you like; it’s allthe same to me.
②—Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
—I am afraid neitherday is possible.
③—There is tea and coffee; you can have either.
—Thanks.
2. 不定冠詞的用法
(1)不定冠詞a/an表示“一個”的含義,意為one,指某人或某物,意為a certain。例如:A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位凌先生在等你。
(2)不定冠詞a/an放在序數詞前表示“又一、再一”的含義,例如:I’d like to have a third cup of tea. 我想再來一杯茶。
3. 冠詞短語
(1)有“the”有被動,無“the”無被動
in possession of擁有;in the possession of被……擁有
in control of控制、管理;in the control of受……控制
in charge of負責、管理;in the charge of由……來照料
(2)有“the”有特指,無“the”無特指
by sea經海路;by the sea在海邊
by day(在)白天;by the day按日(計算)
go to church做禮拜;go to the church去教堂
in prison被監(jiān)禁;in the prison在監(jiān)獄做事
go to prison入獄;go to the prison去監(jiān)獄
in future從今以后;in the future在未來
(3)有“the”有問題,無“the”無問題
out of question毫無疑問,肯定;out of the question不可能
4. 情態(tài)動詞表“推測”
(1)對現(xiàn)在事實的推測:用“情態(tài)動詞+be”“情態(tài)動詞+be doing”或“情態(tài)動詞+v.”
①must是對現(xiàn)在事實的肯定推測,can’t是對現(xiàn)在事實的否定推測。例如:
The light is still on, so he mustbe at home. 燈亮著,他肯定在家。
It can’tbe Tony’s car, because he is too poor to afford it. 這不可能是托尼的車,他沒錢買車。
②should表肯定推測,預測可能性;意為“(按道理)應該”。例如:
It’s 4:30. They shouldbe in New York by now. 現(xiàn)在是4點半,他們應該到達紐約了。
③may與might表示推測,一般不用于疑問句。(might比may可能性更低。)
(2)對過去事實的推測:用“情態(tài)動詞+have+過去分詞”
①must have + done對過去發(fā)生的行為的肯定推測,意為“一定,肯定”,例如:
It must have rainedlast night. The ground is wet. 昨天肯定下雨了,因為地面是濕的。
【注意】否定或疑問形式用can’t have done,而不用mustn’t have done。
②can/could have + done表示對過去事情做肯定、可能性較大的推測。例如:
There is no light in the room. Where can they have gone? 屋內沒有開燈,他們可能去那兒了?
can’t have done/couldn’t have done不可能(對過去發(fā)生行為的懷疑或不肯定)。例如:
Mr. Smith can’t have goneto Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.
③may(might)+ have done表示對過去事情做可能性很小的推測。例如:
We can’t find her. She may have gotlost. 我們沒有找到她,她可能走丟了。
(3)對將來發(fā)生的行為的推測,表示可能干了某事。例如:
Who knows what will happen? You may even have marriedby then.誰知道將來會發(fā)生什么?也許到那個時候你已經結婚了。
5. 完成體的常見用法
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且已經完成,并對現(xiàn)在造成影響,可能持續(xù)發(fā)生下去。其構成為:主語+助動詞(have/has)+動詞的過去分詞。通常有兩種基本用法:
①影響性用法:表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài),其結果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。
例如:I’ve already read this book. 我已經讀過這本書了。
②持續(xù)性用法:表示過去已經開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作和狀態(tài)。例如:
I haven’t seen him for three years. 我三年沒有見過他了。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時的高頻句型
①This/It is the+序數詞+that從句(從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時)。例如:
This is the first time that I have heardher sing. 這是我第一次聽她唱歌。
②This/It is the+形容詞最高級+名詞+that從句(從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時)。例如:
It is the best film that I have ever seen.這是我看過的最好看的電影。
③since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:I have been heresince 2016. 2016年起,我一直在這兒。
④since +一段時間+ ago。例如:
I have been heresince five months ago. 我在這兒,已經有五個月了。
⑤since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken placesince you left. 你走后,變化可大了。
(3)過去完成時表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經發(fā)生或完成了的動作,它表示動作的時間是“過去的過去”,其構成是:had +過去分詞。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時,小偷們早就跑了。
6. 主動形式表示被動意義
(1)表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞,如:wash,clean,cook,iron,cut,sell,read,wear,draw,write等,用主動形式表示被動意義。例如:
The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。
This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。
(2)blame,let(出租),remain,rent,build等,用主動形式表示被動意義。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了,我該受指責。
Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。
(3)在need,require,want,worth(形容詞),deserve后的動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義。例如:
The door needs repairing. =The door needs to be repaired.門該修了。
(4)系動詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容詞/名詞構成系表結構,用主動形式表示被動意義。例如:
The steel feels cool. 鋼摸起來很冷。
It has gone bad. 它已經變質了。
7. 非謂語動詞作狀語
(1)不定式作狀語
①不定式作結果狀語常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;enough...to; too... to...;only to(常表示意外或事與愿違的結果)。
②不定式可作目的狀語。例如:
Bob took down my telephone number so as/ in order not to forget it. 鮑勃記下了我的電話號碼以免忘了。
③不定式在某些形容詞后表喜怒哀樂等原因。例如:
I am so sorry to hear about your failure in business。聽說你事業(yè)失敗我很遺憾。
(2)分詞可以用作狀語。例如:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 作為一個共青團員,他總是幫助別人。
Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful. 從山上看,城市很漂亮。
8. 非謂語動詞與獨立主格結構
(1)獨立主格結構由名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語構成。
(2)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在;名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞等是主謂關系或動賓關系;獨立主格結構一般由逗號與主句分開。例如:
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了,我們開始放假。
9. 關系代詞的用法
(1)which用于指物或替代整個句子,在從句中可作主語或賓語,作賓語時?墒÷。例如:
In this school, which has 24 classes, 480 students graduate each year.
這所學校有24個班,每年有480名學生畢業(yè)。
(2)that既可指人又可指物,在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,作賓語時常可省略。that指人時常可與who或whom互換,指物時常可與which互換。例如:
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years ago.她帶著這些游客參觀了那座三年前建造的博物館。
(3)who,whom的用法
who或whom均可指代人,但who在從句中作主語或賓語,whom在從句中作賓語;兩者在引導限制性定語從句時?捎胻hat替換。作主語時,who/that不可省略;作賓語時,whom/who/that可以省略。例如:
I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that)I met in the English speech contest last year.我與好幾位去年在英語演講比賽中結識的同校同學成了好朋友。
(4)whose的用法
whose表所屬關系,既可指人也可指物,在從句中作定語。指物時相當于of which;指人時相當于of whom,且要加定冠詞the。例如:
The school shop, whose(=of which the)customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. 這家校內商店的主要顧客是學生,放假時商店關門。
(5)as的用法
as作關系代詞既可指人也可指物,在從句中可作主語、賓語或表語。引導限制性定語從句時,一般用于such…as..., the same…as..., as…as…, so…as…結構中。例如:
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.(as作主語)
在我們車間使用的機器是中國制造的。
It’s such a heavy stone as nobody can move.(as作賓語)
那是一塊重得沒人能移得動的石頭。
10. 關系副詞的用法
(1)關系副詞where表地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語,相當于“介詞in/at/on...+which”。例如:
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.銀行是在天晴之時借傘給你,到了下雨時就催你還回去的地方。
(2)先行詞為point,stage(程度,階段),case,situation,scene(情況、情形、情景)或job,activity,race,life時,關系副詞常用where,在語境中指代地點。例如:
I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to (應該)make decisions of my own.我到了人生中必須為自己做決定的階段了。
(3)關系副詞when表時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語,相當于“介詞in/at/on/during... +which”結構。
Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when/during which the audience can buy ice-cream.在音樂會中間有個休息時間,在此期間觀眾可以購買冰淇淋。
(4)當先行詞為occasion, stay, interval等,關系副詞when或介詞in/at/on/during... +which在語境中指代時間。例如:
In 1999,Jasber went to France to celebrate a significant occasion, on which he proposed tohis girlfriend. 1999年,詹思博爾去法國慶祝他人生中的重要時刻,那一刻,他向女友求了婚。
(5)關系副詞why表原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語,相當于“介詞for + which”結構。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting?你知道他沒參加會議的原因嗎?
11. 特殊疑問詞引導名詞性從句
(1)what可引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句。它引導的名詞性從句有兩個意思:一表示“什么”,帶有疑問意味;二表示“……所的……”=the thing that。what引導名詞性從句時也可用作限定詞,其后修飾名詞。例如:
I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。
(2)whatever, whoever, whichever為相應特殊疑問詞的強調語氣,可引導名詞性從句,意為“任何……”、“無論……”等。例如:
Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要這本書都可以拿去。
You can pick whichever one you like. 你喜歡哪個就挑選哪個。
(3)名詞性從句的語序與陳述句語序相同,尤其注意那些由連接代詞who(m), whose, which, what 和連接副詞when, where, why 等引導的名詞性從句,不要受它們在特殊疑問句中用法的影響而誤用疑問句詞序。例如:
You can’t imagine how excited they were when they received these nice Christmas presents.
你想象不到當他們收到這些精美的圣誕節(jié)禮物時有多興奮。
12. 強調句的句型結構
(1)強調句型的一般結構是“It is/was+被強調部分+that/who+其他成分”,it在句中無意義,只起引出被強調部分的作用。強調人時可用that/who(強調賓語指人時也可用whom)來連接,其他情況一律用that。例如:
It was I that/ who didn’t realize all my mistakes until you told me yesterday. (強調主語)
It was all my mistakes that I didn’t realize until you told me yesterday. (強調賓語)
It was not until you told me yesterday that I realized all my mistake. (強調狀語)
(2)強調句型一般疑問句形式:Is/ Was it+被強調部分+that/ who+其他部分(用陳述語序)。例如:
Was it Tom that won the first prize? 是Tom得了一等獎嗎?
(3)強調句型的特殊疑問句形式:特殊疑問詞+is/was+it+that+該句的其余部分,that后只能使用陳述語序。例如:
When was it that you met the pop star? 你是什么時候見到超級明星的?
(4)在“not...until”強調結構中,由until所引導的短語或從句作時間狀語時,要用固定的強調句型:It+is/was+not until... +that+該句的其余部分,that所引導的從句中的謂語動詞用肯定式。例如
It was not until you came back that I finished the work.直到你回來我才完成工作。
13. 部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞倒裝至主語之前。如果句子的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do,does或did,并將其置于主語之前。常見的結構有:
(1)否定或半否定的詞語、否定結構置于句首,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until…,Not only…but also,Hardly/Scarcely…when,No sooner… than等。例如:
Never have I seen such a performance. 我從未見過這樣的表演。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母親一直到孩子入睡后才離開房間。
Not only did he refuse the gift, but he also severely criticized the sender.
他沒有收下禮物,還狠狠批評了送禮的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛出門,就有個學生來訪。
(2)so,neither,nor表示“也、也不”的句子要部分倒裝;表示“的確如此”句子不倒裝。例如:
Tom can speak French and so can Jack. 湯姆會講法語,杰克也會。
—It is raining hard. 雨下得真大。
—So it is.是呀。
(3)“Only+副詞/介詞短語/狀語從句”放在句首時倒裝。例如:
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次,他才來參加會議。
14. 虛擬語氣在if非真實條件句中的規(guī)則變化
虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想,所說的是一個條件,不一定是事實,或與事實相反。虛擬語氣在條件句中應用比較多。條件句可分為兩類,一類為真實條件句,一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設的或實際可能性不大的情況,故采用虛擬語氣。
從句 | 主句 | |
與現(xiàn)在事實相反 | did/were | would(should/could/might)do |
與過去事實相反 | had done | would(should/could/might)have done |
與將來事實相反 | did/were were to do should do | would(should/could/might)do |
例如:They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers.
要是他們開車多走幾公里的話,他們也許會找到一家更好的旅館。
15. if非真實條件句的倒裝
虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were,should或had時,可省略if,再把were,should或had移到從句的句首進行倒裝。例如:
Werethey here now, they could help us. = If they were here now, they could help us.他們現(xiàn)在要是在的話,就會幫助我們了。
Hadyou come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你來得早一點,就碰到他了。
Shouldit rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨,莊稼就有救了。
16. 名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
(1)用于主語從句中
It is demanded (requested/required/insisted/suggested/proposed…)/important (essential/necessary/natural/imperative…) / a pity (a shame/no wonder…) + that…等結構的主語從句,謂語動詞用should加動詞原形,should可省略。例如:
It is demanded that the president (should)make measures to end the economic recession.人們要求總統(tǒng)應該采取措施阻止經濟衰退。
It is necessary that he (should)go to see a doctor. 他應該去看醫(yī)生,這是必要的。
It is a pity that he (should)fail to come to the party.他沒能參加這個聚會,真是遺憾。
(2)用于賓語從句中
在表示命令、建議、要求(如demand, command, request, require, insist, suggest, propose, order, recommend)等一類動詞后面的從句中,謂語動詞用should加動詞原形,should可省略。例如:
I suggest that we (should)hold a meeting next week.我建議下周召開個會議。
He insisted that he (should)be sent there.他要求被派到那兒去。
【注意】若suggest,insist用于其本意“暗示、表明”“堅持認為”時,賓語從句用陳述語氣。例如:
Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
I insisted that you were wrong.
(3)用于表語從句和同位語從句中
在demand/command/request/requirement/insistence/suggestion/advice/proposal/recommendation/idea/plan/order等表示要求、建議和命令等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣,即(should)+動詞原形。例如:
My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference. 我的想法是讓更多的人來參加會議。
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